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Expansion gradually gave way to financial difficulty, reflecting a long-standing tension between education and the need to run a successful business. A fatal accident on the premises in Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking caused the first institution to be wound up and a new one formed. Various regeneration schemes were considered, but in a fire damaged the roof, precipitating the final crisis. In September , the Royal Polytechnic Institution closed, marking a transition to new ownership and a new era of educational development.

The institute gradually adopted the name the Polytechnic Young Men's Christian Institute , or simply, the Polytechnic, for short. From an expanded programme of classes began, including science, engineering and art classes held in conjunction with the Science and Art Department of the Board of Trade , and a scheme of technical and trade Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking education, related to the City and Guilds of London Institute of Technical Instruction and to the London Trades Council.

The building housed classrooms, a swimming bath, gymnasium, and a refreshment room. Activities included daily chapels, Parliamentary debating, a Reading Circle, music and drama societies and several sports clubs.

In the early s the Institute attracted much favourable attention from the technical education lobby. Following the City of London Parochial Charities Act in , it became clear that funds would be available to endow the Polytechnic and to found and support institutions on the same model across London. A public appeal was launched Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking in to raise the required matching funding.

The Scheme was finalised under the auspices of the Charity Commissioners in , when the Institute was reconstituted as The Polytechnic-Regent Street often referred to as the Regent Street Polytechnic , managed by a newly created governing body. For this reason the cinema has been described as "the birthplace of British cinema".

The building at Regent Street was rebuilt in � to reflect the needs of a growing institution whose student members exceeded 15, Pioneering work in emerging professional and commercial disciplines, alongside general interest subjects, was the hallmark of the institution. When Hogg died in , he Jon Boat Manufacturers Old Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking was succeeded as President by Sir Kynaston Studd � , who remained in office until his death in , and did much to continue the traditions of the founder. Two major appeals were launched to support expansion, the first for the rebuilding of Regent Street in �, and the second to build the Polytechnic Extension building for the Women's Institute in Little Titchfield Street, which was formally opened in Both buildings continued to provide sporting and social facilities for members of the Institute as well as workshops and classrooms for students of the Education Department.

The Education Department provided a wide range Manufacturers Jon Boat Ranking Old Old Ranking Manufacturers Jon Boat Jon Old Manufacturers Boat Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking of courses, with a rapid expansion of commercial subjects alongside the original trade and technical classes. Courses ranged from post-elementary school entry for craft and technical training at 13 to degrees accredited by the University of London external degrees programme.

Most teaching was in the evening and part-time, though day classes increased throughout the period. Following World War Two there was a rapid growth in the demand for further education and training, which was reorganised following the White Paper on Technical Education in The variety of levels of work at Regent Street meant that it was designated a regional college rather than Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Old Ranking Jon Manufacturers Boat Manufacturers Old Ranking Jon a college of advanced technology, after which the governors decided to reduce the proportion of lower level work.

The existing commercial subjects would remain centred on no Regent Street. Both schemes suffered prolonged delays and the new buildings were not finished until At a ceremony on 21 May , the Lord Chancellor Lord Hailsham , grandson and namesake of Hogg , opened the new buildings and designated the new institution.

The PCL was re-designated as the University of Westminster following the Further and Higher Education Act , which created a single funding council, the Higher Education Funding Council , for England and abolished the remaining distinctions Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking between polytechnics degrees awarded nationally and universities degrees awarded by individual university.

The newly established university was re-dedicated at Westminster Abbey on 1 December As a university, Westminster gained the power to grant its own degrees. Westminster's efforts in overseas expansion resulted in the university being awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in , and again in In Westminster established the Westminster International University in Tashkent at the invitation of the government of Uzbekistan.

In , the university celebrated years of research, teaching, and providing education for all, regardless of background or financial status. Special events were organised both at campuses in Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Ranking Manufacturers Boat Jon Old Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking the UK, and with their teams around the world. Westminster has four main campuses, three of which are in central London. The Regent Campus comprises a group of buildings clustered around its historic headquarters at Regent Street.

The Regent Street Cinema lies within the Regent Street building, and serves as a fully functioning cinema, open to the public. The P3 exhibition area, a 14, sq ft 1, m 2 space located in the former concrete construction hall of the School of Engineering, was opened in It houses science, engineering and computer laboratories. It is also home to London Gallery West which Manufacturers Ranking Boat Old Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking exhibits a broad mix of contemporary media, art and design work.

The University of Westminster is incorporated under the Companies Act as a charity and company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital. It is also an exempt charity under the Charities Act The university's governing body is the Court of Governors. It meets five times per year and is ultimately responsible for the effective conduct of the activities of the university, including its strategic development, educational character and mission, and finances.

The members of the Court of Governors are the trustees of the charity. The University of Westminster Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Boat Ranking Jon Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Ranking Manufacturers is organised into three colleges and twelve schools, within which there are around 65 departments and research centres:. The university's coat of arms reflects a number of key aspects of its heritage. The portcullis is the symbol of Westminster whilst the open book symbolises learning. The open book on the escutcheon contains a Latin motto which reads as " Veritas ", meaning "truth". Westminster offers Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees as well as certificates and diplomas at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.

The university has numerous centres of research excellence and was ranked sixth in the UK and 40th globally Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Ranking Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking for Media and Communications by QS World University Rankings The university achieved world leading and internationally excellent status for most of their work, Jon Boat Manufacturers Welded Nov ranking second for Communications, Cultural and Media Studies research, [34] [35] 6th for Art and Design research, [36] in addition to the university performing strongly in Architecture and the Built Environment, [37] and Geography and Environmental studies.

A Student Representative Council SRC was established at the polytechnic in , to create a sense of unity and expand the social activities of its day students. The SRC was affiliated to the National Union of Students but initially restricted itself largely to social activities. The ban was lifted in and a Union granted in Its first President was Owen Spencer-Thomas � Against a backdrop of general social unrest, PCLSU campaigned against cuts in student grants, lack of accommodation and the rise in costs for overseas students.

After , the Union was based primarily at the Marylebone site, where the SU served all students across four of its campuses. It now has offices on all campuses. The union has hosted to numerous musical events and gigs including Fleetwood Mac , [41] and most notably the first and only encounter between Cream and Eric Clapton and Jimi Ranking Old Jon Manufacturers Boat Boat Old Ranking Jon Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Hendrix.

Smoke Radio is a student-run radio station at the University of Westminster. It was founded in and broadcasts online from a studio in the university's Harrow campus. Since September the station has run a hour playout system and broadcast a schedule of live programmes during the week.

Smoke TV is the student television station of the University of Westminster. Launched in September it is run by students and targeted at students. In the early s, the Students' Union began expressing an interest in new print media, and The Smoke was conceived in However, in , The Smoke briefly switched to a Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking newspaper format, initially being published fortnightly during term time.

The newspaper format was later scrapped for a much smaller magazine format. The paper is circulated at all four of the university's campuses.

The university also publishes an annual alumni magazine, Network , as well as several academic student journals such as the Law Review [46] and Wells Street Journal. Sport has played an important role at the institution since the late nineteenth century.

In , the athletic club, the Harriers, was established and was for many years the largest athletics club in the country.

In , the polytechnic organised the opening and closing ceremonies of the London Olympic Games , also hosting a venue at The Polytechnic Stadium in Chiswick. Over the years, the award was given to sportsmen from various disciplines, such as swimming , boxing and cycling , but the majority of awards have been given to track and field athletes. The university has grounds in Chiswick on the Thames with boat house, tennis courts, athletics track and about 12 pitches.

There are sports pitches and a sports hall at the Harrow campus whilst the Regent Campus has a gym, badminton courts and offers sports, martial arts and yoga classes. Sir George Cayley. Charles Algernon Parsons. From Old Jon Boat Manufacturers RanOld Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking king Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. University in London. United Kingdom. See also: Polytechnic F. Main article: List of University of Westminster alumni. Cherie Blair.

Joshua Oppenheimer. John Henry Pepper. London portal. University of Westminster. Retrieved 17 November Higher Education Statistics Agency. Then reread the list, looking for patterns of interesting ideas or one central idea. Try freewriting or looping. Freewriting is a method of exploring a topic by writing about it for a period of time without stopping. Freewrite for five more minutes on the summary sentence, and then find and summarize the central thought from the second "loop.

FreespeakingIf you Boat Old Manufacturers Ranking Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Boat Old Ranking Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking are better at talking out than writing out your ideas, try freespeaking, which is basically the talking version of freewriting.

Speak into a tape recorder or into a computer with voice-recognition software, and keep talking about your topic for at least seven to ten minutes. Say whatever comes to your mind -don't stop talking. You can then listen to or read the results of your freespeaking and look for an idea to pursue at greater length. If you're someone who prefers visual thinking, you might either create a drawing about the topic or use figurative language -such as similes and Old Ranking Jon Boat Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking metaphors -to describe what the topic resembles.

Working with pictures or verbal imagery can sometimes also help illuminate the topic or uncover some of your unconscious ideas or preconceptions about it. Exploring ideas 6d lead you to important insights about the topic and to focus your topic productively.

Look for figurative language -metaphors and similes -that your topic resembles. Try jotting down three or four possibilities, beginning with "My subject is " or "My subject is like. Try clustering. Clustering is a way of generating ideas using a visual scheme or chart. It is especially helpful for understanding the relationships among the Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking parts of a broad topic and for developing subtopics.

If you have a software program for clustering, put it to use. If not, follow these steps Write down your topic in the middle of a blank piece of paper or screen and circle it. In a ring around the topic circle, write what you see as the main parts of the topic. Circle each part, and then draw a line from it to the topic. Think of more ideas, examples, facts, or other details relating to each main part.

Write each of these near the appropriate part, circle each one, and draw Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking a line from it to the part. Repeat this process with each new circle until you can't think of any more details. Some trails may lead to dead ends, but you will still have many useful connections among ideas.

Later in the process of writing, you can choose the best of these ideas and begin working with them in English. Another basic strategy for exploring a topic and generating ideas is simply to ask and answer questions. Here are two widely used sets of questions to get you started. Questions to describe a topicOriginally developed by Aristotle, the following questions Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking can help you explore a topic by carefully and systematically describing it: Choose a topic that interests you, and explore it by using two of the strategies described in Chapter 6.

When you have generated some material, you might try comparing your results with those of other members of the class to see how effective or helpful each strategy was. If you have trouble choosing a topic, use one of the preliminary working theses in Exercise 7. Browse sources. Look around in your library or on the Internet for a topic you want to learn more about.

Many search engines have directories Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking organized by topic that you can browse for ideas and sources. Some advanced searches allow you to search for only visual images, current events, and government sites and to otherwise specify your results. D Collaborate. The texts you write are shaped in part by conversations with others.

You might also consider using online tools that facilitate collaborative writing, such as wikis, to gather ideas and generate drafts. Writers often work together to come up with ideas, to respond to one another's drafts,6g 61Planning and drafting Writ Process 7Some writers just plunge right into their work and develop it as Boat Old Manufacturers Ranking Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Ranking Manufacturers Boat Old Boat Jon Manufacturers Ranking Jon Manufacturers Old Ranking Boat they go along.

Others find that they work more effectively by making detailed blueprints before they begin drafting. Your planning and drafting may fall anywhere along this spectrum. As you plan and draft, you narrow Planning and Drafting 7 or even to coauthor something. Here are some strategies for working with others Establish a regular meeting time and exchange contact information.

Establish ground rules for the group. Be sure every member has an equal opportunity -and responsibility -to contribute. With final deadlines in mind, set an agenda for each group meeting. Listen carefully to what each person says. If Jon Boat Manufacturers List Samples disagreements arise, try Boat Ranking Manufacturers Jon Old Jon Old Boat Ranking Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking paraphrasing to see if everyone is hearing the same thing.

Use group meetings to work together on particularly difficult problems. If an assignment is complex, have each member explain one section to all the others. If the group has trouble understanding part of the task, check with whoever made the assignment. Expect disagreement, and remember that the goal is not for everyone just to "go along. If you are preparing a group-written document, divide up the drafting duties.

Set reasonable deadlines for each stage of work. Schedule at least two meetings to iron out the final draft by reading it aloud Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking and working for consistency of tone. Have everyone proofread the final draft, with one person making the corrections. If the group will be making a presentation, be sure you know exactly how much time you will have. Decide how each member will contribute to the presentation. Leave time for at least two practice sessions.

Make a point of assessing the group's effectiveness. What has the group accomplished? What has it done best? What has it been least successful at? What has each member contributed? How could the group function more effectively? Then reflect on the kinds of collaboration you find most Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Boat Manufacturers Ranking Jon Old Ranking Jon Boat Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking effective. Finally, take an example of a recent collaboration you have been part of, and examine how well it worked by answering the following questions: What did I contribute to the collaboration?

What worked well and did not work well? What could I have done to improve the collaboration? Writ ProcessPlanning and drafting 7b your topic, decide on your thesis, organize materials to support that central idea, and sketch out a plan for your writing.

As one student said, this is the time in the writing process "when the rubber meets the road. After exploring ideas, you may have found a Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Jon Ranking Manufacturers Old Boat Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking topic that interests you and would also be interesting to your readers. The topic, however, may be too large to be manageable. If that is the case, narrow your topic in order to focus on a more workable idea. Emily Lesk narrowed her original vast topic American advertising by asking herself questions.

How powerful is advertising? Could advertising be related to how we define "American"? Yes, but how many icons are there? LOTSand I just named a few. Better choose one. Most academic or professional writing contains a thesis statement, often near the beginning. The thesis functions as a promise to readers, Boat Jon Manufacturers Old Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Old Jon Ranking Boat letting them know what the writer will discuss.

You should establish a tentative working thesis early on in your writing process. The word working is important here because the thesis may well change as you write -your final thesis may be very different from the working thesis you begin with.

Even so, a working thesis focuses your thinking and research, and helps keep you on track. An thesis is a boring thesis, too.

Gather information to support your thesis. Once you have a working thesis, consider whether you need to do research for your writing project.

Your assignment may require research, or you may decide on your own to find out more about your topic or to locate visuals that will enhance your writing. You may even need to do research at more than one stage of the writing process as you define, narrow, and perhaps change your topic.

Library research, online research, and field research can all help you find the information and visuals you need. For more on conducting research and working with sources, see Chapters 15 and For more on organizing your support into paragraphs, see Chapter 8. Organize information. Remember to consider your audience, purpose, and topic as you Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking think about how you will organize information to make it accessible and persuasive to your audience.

At the simplest level, writers most often group information according to four principles -space, time, logic, and association. Organizing according to spaceThe organizational principle of space refers to where bits of information occur within a setting.

If the information you have gathered is descriptive, you may choose to organize it spatially. Using spatial organization allows the reader to "see" your information, to fix it in space. We entered through the single side door and sat in folding chairs on a platform along one wall, separated Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking from the rest of the room by beaded red curtains.

Behind us was darkness. On the far wall, neon lights glowed dimly, illuminating a few unoccupied barstools on the other side of the room. But the front of the room was ablaze with light. Purple and white floodlights beamed down onto a circular dance floor, creating an almost supernatural glow.

The film crew in the center of the room stood silhouetted against the light like an audience waiting for a show to begin. Organizing according to timeThe principle of time refers to when bits of information occur, usually chronologically. Chronological organization is Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking the basic method used in cookbooks, lab reports, instruction manuals, and stories. Writers of these products organize information according to when it occurs in some process or sequence of events narrative.

Throughout the fall of that year, newspapers were full of the news of Muybridge's achievement. His next goal was to photograph a sequence of such rapid images. In Organizing according to logicThe principle of logic refers to how bits of information are related logically. The most commonly used logical patterns include illustration, definition, division and classification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution, use of analogies, and Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Ranking Boat Jon Manufacturers narration.

The example that follows organizes information logically, according to the principle of division. For other examples of paragraphs organized according to these logical patterns, see Chapter 8. They are red and painful, but not serious. Second-degree burns, which can be very painful, are characterized by blistering, swelling, and redness.

They appear charred and black. The burn area itself is numb, but the surrounding area can be very painful. Third-degree burns can be fatal if the percentage of affected skin is sufficiently large. Organizing according to associationThe principle of association refers to how bits of information are related in terms of visuals, Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking motifs, personal memories, and so on.

Many contemporary essays are organized through a Fiberglass Jon Boat Manufacturers Uk series of associations that grow directly out of the writer's memory or experience. Thus, associational organization is often used in personal narrative, where writers can use a chain of associations to render an experience vividly for readers.

Almost at once, I was back on my Granny's porch, sitting next to her drinking iced tea and eatingThe images are logically arranged to show burns of increasing severity. Writ ProcessPlanning and drafting 7e peaches. Those peaches tasted goodpicked ripe, skinned, and eaten with no regard for the sweet Old Boat Manufacturers Jon Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking juice trickling everywhere.

And on special occasions, we'd make ice cream, and Granny would empty a bowl brimming with chopped peaches into the creamy dish. Now -that was the life! In much of your writing, you will want to use two or more principles of organization. In addition, you may want to include not only visuals but sound and other multimedia effects as well. Write a brief paragraph explaining why you chose this particular method or these methods of organization. Organizing VisualsThis image works by association, its old-fashioned look emphasizing the nostalgic charm of homemade ice cream and peaches.

Make a Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking plan. At this point, you will find it helpful to create an organizational plan or outline. A storyboardThe technique of storyboarding -working out a narrative or argument in visual form -can be a good way to come up with an organizational plan, especially if you are developing a Web site or other multimedia project. For such projects you can even find storyboard templates online to help you get started. For a typical college essay, however, you can create your own storyboard by using note cards or even sticky notes, taking advantage of different colors to keep track of threads of argument, Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking subtopics, and so on.

Remember that flexibility is a strong feature of storyboarding: you can move the cards and notes around, trying out different arrangements, until you find an organization that works well for your writing situation. Basic patterns for a storyboard include linear, hierarchical, and spoke-and-hub organization. The Web report on p. Many portfolio Web sites are arranged this way: Whatever form your plan takes, you may want or need to change it along the way. Writing has a way of stimulating thought, and the process of drafting may generate new ideas.

Or you may find that you need to reexamine Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking some data or information or gather more material. No matter how good your planning, investigating, and organizing have been, chances are you will need to do more work as you draft. This fact of life leads to the first principle of successful drafting: be flexible.

If you see that your plan is not working, don't hesitate to alter it. If some information now seems irrelevant, leave it out -even if you went to great lengths to obtain it. Throughout the drafting process, you may need to refer to points you have already written about.

You may learn that you need Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Ranking Manufacturers Jon Old Boat to do more research, that your whole thesis must be reshaped, or that your topic is still too broad and should be narrowed further. Very often you will continue planning, investigating, and organizing throughout the writing process. Make your answers an entry in your writing log if you are keeping one. Stopping to search for a piece of information can break your concentration or distract you. Writing can provide momentum, and once you get going, the task becomes easier.

Just make a note of them in brackets -or in all caps -or make a tentative decision and move on. Concentrate on getting Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Boat Old Ranking Jon all your ideas down, and don't worry about anything else. Doing so will help you start easily when you return to the draft. D Developing Paragraphs 8Paragraphs serve as signposts -pointers that help guide readers through a piece of writing. A look through a popular magazine will show paragraphs working this way: the first paragraph of an article almost always aims to get our attention and to persuade us to read on, and subsequent ones often indicate a new point or a shift in focus or tone.

Put most simply, a paragraph is a group of sentences or a single Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking sentence set off as a unit. All the sentences in a paragraph usually revolve around one main idea. Focus on a main idea.

An effective paragraph often focuses on one main idea. A good way to achieve such paragraph unity is to state the main idea clearly in one sentence and then relate all the other sentences in the paragraph to that idea.

The sentence that presents the main idea is called the topic sentence. Announcing the main idea in a topic sentenceThe following paragraph opens with a clear topic sentence, and the rest of the paragraph builds on the idea stated Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking in that sentence:Our friendship was the source of much happiness and many memories.

We grooved on every new recording from Jay-Z. We sweated together in the sweltering summer sun, trying to win the championship for our softball team. I recall the taste of pepperoni pizza as we discussed the highlights of our team's victory. Once we even became attracted to the same person, but luckily we were able to share his friendship. Are sentences within each paragraph clearly linked? Do any of the transitions try to create links between ideas that do not really exist?

Do any links need Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Jon Old Boat Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking to be added? Are any of the transitions from one paragraph to another artificial? How does the last paragraph draw the piece to a conclusion? Such step-by-step explicitness may strike you as unnecessary or ineffective, but it follows the traditional paragraph conventions of English. Occasionally a paragraph's main idea is so obvious that it need not be stated explicitly in a topic sentence. Experiment with one paragraph, positioning its topic sentence in at least two different places.

What difference does the change make? If you have any implied topic sentences, try stating them explicitly. Does the paragraph become easier to read? Relating Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking each sentence to the main ideaWhether the main idea of a paragraph is stated in a topic sentence or is implied, make sure that all other sentences in the paragraph contribute to the main idea.

In the preceding example about friendship, all of the sentences clearly relate to the point that is made in the first sentence. The result is a unified paragraph. There is no set rule about how many sentences are required to make a complete paragraph. So write as many sentences as you need -and no more. Provide details.

An effective paragraph develops its main idea by Manufacturers Ranking Old Boat Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking providing enough details -including visual details -to hold the reader's interest. Without such development, a paragraph may seem lifeless and abstract. Rather, from our infancy to our death, we are constantly being taught, by the society that surrounds us, the customs, norms, and mores of a distinct culture. Everything in culture is learned, not genetically transmitted.

This paragraph is boring. Although its main idea is clear and its sentences hold together, it fails to gain our interest or hold our attention because it 8b lacks any specific examples or details. Now look at the paragraph revised to include needed specifics. A Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Ranking Boat Jon Manufacturers Jon Ranking Boat Old Manufacturers few weeks later, a child in Beijing celebrates the Chinese New Year with feasting, firecrackers, and gift money in lucky red envelopes.

It is not by instinct that one child knows how to decorate the tree while the other knows how to celebrate the New Year. No such thing as human nature compels people to behave, think, or react in certain ways. Rather, from the time of our infancy to our death, we are constantly being taught, by the society that surrounds us, the customs, norms, and mores of one or more distinct cultures.

Though both paragraphs present the same point, Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking only the second one comes to life. It does so by bringing in specific details from life, including images that show readers what the paragraph describes. We want to read this paragraph because it appeals to our senses shiny red ornaments, firecrackers and our curiosity why are red envelopes considered lucky? Details are important not only in written texts but in visual ones as well. If you decide to use an image because of a particular detail, for instance, make sure that your readers will notice the detail you want them to see -crop out any unnecessary information and clarify what's Boat Jon Manufacturers Old Ranking Manufacturers Old Ranking Jon Boat Boat Ranking Manufacturers Old Jon important about the image with a caption.

Then write a paragraph that includes the topic sentence. Make sure that each of the other sentences relates to it. Assume that the paragraph will be part of a letter you are writing to an acquaintance. I found out quickly that college life was not quite what I had expected. Being part of the "in crowd" used to be essential to me. My work experience has taught me several important lessons.

Until recently, I never appreciated my parents fully. I expect my college education to do more than assure me of a job. Does Boat Jon Old Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Boat Old Jon Ranking Jon Old Manufacturers Boat Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking each have a topic sentence or strongly imply one? Do all the other sentences in the paragraph focus on its main idea? Would you now revise any of these paragraphs -and, if so, how? Use effective methods of development. Writ ProcessAs noted in Chapter 7, there are several common methods of development.

You can use them to develop paragraphs. NarrativeA narrative paragraph uses the chronological elements of a story to develop a main idea. The following is one student's narrative paragraph that tells a personal story to support a point about the dangers of racing bicycles with flimsy alloy frames:People Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking who have been exposed to the risk of dangerously designed bicycle frames have paid too high a price.

I saw this danger myself in last year's Putney Race. An expensive graphite frame failed, and the rider was catapulted onto Vermont pavement at fifty miles per hour. The pack of riders behind him was so dense that other racers crashed into a tangled, sliding heap. The aftermath: four hospitalizations. I got off with some stitches, a bad road rash, and severely pulled tendons.

Others were not so lucky. An Olympic hopeful, Brian Stone of the Northstar team, woke up in a Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking hospital bed to find that his cycling was over -and not just for that summer. His kneecap had been surgically removed. He couldn't even walk. Writ ProcessDeveloping paragraphs 8c Narrative EssayPersonal narratives -the most common assignment of all some twenty years ago -are assigned less often today.

But variations of the genre, such as literacy narratives, are still very common. Writing about yourself can be more difficult than it sounds, requiring a major point you want to make, clear organization, vivid description, and some kind of conclusion that ties the narrative together and highlights its significance. Use your senses: how did Manufacturers Boat Old Jon Ranking Ranking Old Manufacturers Boat Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking things look, smell, feel, taste, and sound?

You may want to include photos or other illustrations as well. When you have a clear sense of the major point, make sure that each part of the narrative leads up to that point.

Craft and organize your work carefully to lead to the insights or points you want to make. Notice how the following paragraph includes details about an old schoolroom; they convey a strong impression of a room where "time had taken its toll.

The professor's voice began to fade into the background as my eyes wandered around the classroom in Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking the old administration building.

The water-stained ceiling was cracked and peeling, and the splitting wooden beams played host to a variety of lead pipes and coils. My eyes followed these pipes down the walls and around corners until I eventually saw the 79 Use effective methods of development Writ Process 8c electric outlets.

I thought it was strange that they were exposed, and not built in, until I realized that there probably had been no electricity when the building was built. Below the outlets the sunshine was falling in bright rays across the hardwood floor, and I noticed how smoothly the floor Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking was worn.

Time had taken its toll on this building. DefinitionYou may often need to write an entire paragraph in order to define a word or concept, as in the following example:Economics is the study of how people choose among the alternatives available to them.

It's the study of little choices "Should I take the chocolate or the strawberry? It's the study of individual choices, choices by firms, and choices by governments.

Life presents each of us with a wide range of alternative uses of our time and other resources; economists examine how we choose among those alternatives.Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Ranking Jon Manufacturers Boat Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking

The Indians made names for us children in their teasing way. Because our very busy mother kept my hair cut short, like my brothers', they called me Short Furred One, pointing to their hair and making the sign for short, the right hand with fingers pressed close together, held upward, back out, at the height intended. With me this was about two feet tall, the Indians laughing gently at my abashed face. I am told that I was given a pair of small moccasins that first time, to clear up my unhappiness at being picked out from the dusk behind the fire Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking and my two unhappy shortcomings made conspicuous.

Classification groups many separate items according to their similarities. A paragraph evaluating one history course might divide the course into several segmentstextbooks, lectures, assignments -and examine each one in turn.

A paragraph giving an overview of many history courses might classify the courses in a number of ways -by time periods, by geographic areas, by the kinds of assignments demanded, by the number of students enrolled, or by some other principle. But, for the sake of analysis, the whole listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts, so Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking to speak.

In a certain sense, we all listen to music on three separate planes. For lack of a better terminology, one might name these: 1 the sensuous plane, 2 the expressive plane, 3 the sheerly musical plane. The only advantage to be gained from mechanically splitting up the listening process into these hypothetical planes is the clearer view to be had of the way in which we listen. Those who have always been overweight turn to them out of despair; they have tried everything, and yet nothing seems to work.

A second group of people to succumb appear perfectly healthy but Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking are baited by slogans such as "look good, feel good. With both types of people, however, the problems surrounding such diets are numerous and dangerous. In fact, these diets provide neither intelligent nor effective answers to weight control. Comparison and contrastWhen you compare two things, you look at their similarities; when you contrast two things, you focus on their differences. You can structure paragraphs that compare or contrast in two basic ways.

One way is to present all the information about one item and then all the information about the other item, as in the following paragraph:You could tell the Jon Old Manufacturers Ranking Boat Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking veterans from the rookies by the way they were dressed. The knowledgeable ones had their heads covered by kerchiefs, so that if they were hired, tobacco dust wouldn't get in their hair; they had on clean dresses that by now were faded and shapeless, so that if they were hired they wouldn't get tobacco dust and grime on their best clothes.

Those who were trying for the first time had their hair freshly done and wore attractive dresses; they wanted to make a good impression. But the dresses couldn't be seen at the distance that many were standing from Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking the employment office, and they were crumpled in the crush. Malcolm X emphasized the use of violence in his movement and employed the biblical principle of "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. More radical blacks supported him, while more conservative ones supported King.

King thought that blacks should transcend their humanity. In contrast, Malcolm X thought they should embrace it and reserve their love for one another, regarding whites as "devils" and the "enemy. Then rewrite the paragraph using block organization: the first part of the paragraph devoted to King, the second to Malcolm X. Finally, Jon Boat Ranking Old Manufacturers write a brief analysis of the two paragraphs, explaining which seems more coherent and easier to follow -and why.

AnalogyAnalogies comparisons that explain an unfamiliar thing in terms of a familiar one can also help develop paragraphs. In the following paragraph, the writer draws an unlikely analogy -between the human genome and Thanksgiving dinner -to help readers understand what scientists know about the human genome. Think of the human genome as the ingredients list for a massive Thanksgiving dinner.

Scientists long have had a general understanding of how the feast is cooked. They knew where the ovens were. Now, they also have Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Ranking Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Boat Manufacturers Jon Jon Boat Old Manufacturers Ranking a list of every ingredient. Yet much remains to be discovered. In most cases, no one knows exactly which ingredients are necessary for making, for example, the pumpkin pie as opposed to the cornbread. Indeed, many, if not most, of the recipes that use the genomic ingredients are missing, and there's little understanding why small variations in the quality of the ingredients can "cook up" diseases in one person but not in another.

The following paragraph discusses how our desire for food that tastes good has affected history:The human craving for flavor has been a largely unacknowledged and unexamined Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking force in history. For millenia royal empires have been built, unexplored lands traversed, and great religions and philosophies changed by the spice trade. In Christopher Columbus set sail to find seasoning. Today the influence of flavor in the world marketplace is no less decisive. The rise and fall of corporate empires -of softdrink companies, snack-food companies, and fast-food chains -is often determined by how their products taste.

By the late 20s, most people notice the first signs of aging in their physical appearance. Slight losses of elasticity in facial skin produce the first wrinkles, usually in those areas most involved in their Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Boat Jon Old Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Old Manufacturers Ranking Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking characteristic facial expressions. As the skin continues to lose elasticity and fat deposits build up, the face sags a bit with age. Indeed, some people have drooping eyelids, sagging cheeks, and the hint of a double chin by age 40 Whitbourne, Other parts of the body sag a bit as well, so as the years pass, adults need to exercise regularly if they want to maintain their muscle tone and body shape.

Another harbinger of aging, the first gray hairs, is usually noticed in the 20s and can be explained by a reduction in the number of pigment-producing cells. Hair may Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking become a bit less plentiful, too, because of hormonal changes and reduced blood supply to the skin. The paragraph then goes on to restate the point, hammering home the point and often building in intensity as well.

We are on the move now. The burning of our churches will not deter us. The bombing of our homes will not dissuade us. The beating and killing of our clergymen and young people will not divert us. The arrest and release of known murderers will not discourage us. Like an idea whose time has come, not even the marching of mighty armies can halt Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking us. We are moving to the land of freedom. For one of the paragraphs, write a brief evaluation of its development. How would you expand or otherwise improve the development?

Consider paragraph length. Paragraph length is determined by content and purpose. Paragraphs should develop an idea, create any desired effects such as suspense or humor , and advance the larger piece of writing. Fulfilling these aims will sometimes require short paragraphs, sometimes long ones. For example, if you are writing a persuasive piece, you may put all your evidence into one long paragraph to create the impression of a solid, overwhelmingly convincing Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Ranking Manufacturers Boat Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking argument.

In a story about an exciting event, on the other hand, you may use a series of short paragraphs to create suspense, to keep the reader rushing to each new paragraph to find out what happens next.

Explain briefly in writing why you decided on each of the breaks. Would you change any of them now? If so, how and why? Make paragraphs flow. A paragraph has coherence -or flows -if its details fit together clearly in a way that readers can easily follow. When you arrange information in a particular order as described in 7d and 8c , you help readers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking move from one point to another.

Regardless of your organization, however, be aware of several other ways to achieve paragraph coherence. Repeating key words and phrasesWeaving in repeated key words and phrases -or pronouns that point to them -not only links sentences but also alerts readers to the importance 8d 8e Writ ProcessDeveloping paragraphs 8e of those words or phrases in the larger piece of writing.

Notice in the following example how the repetition of the italicized key words and the use of pronouns that refer to those words help hold the paragraph together:Over the centuries, shopping has changed in Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking function as well as in style. Before the Industrial Revolution, most consumer goods were sold in openair markets, customers who went into an actual shop were expected to buy something, and shoppers were always expected to bargain for the best possible price.

In the nineteenth century, however, the development of the department store changed the relationship between buyers and sellers. Instead of visiting several market stalls or small shops, customers could now buy a variety of merchandise under the same roof; instead of feeling expected to buy, they were welcome just to look; and instead of bargaining with several merchants, they paid Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking a fixed price for each item.

In addition, they could return an item to the store and exchange it for a different one or get their money back. All of these changes helped transform shopping from serious requirement to psychological recreation. Then identify the places where the author uses repetition of key words and phrases, and explain how they bring coherence to the paragraph. In our time it is broadly true that political writing is bad writing. Where it is not true, it will generally be found that the writer is some kind of rebel, expressing his private opinions and not Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Ranking Jon Old Boat Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking a "party line.

The political dialects to be found in pamphlets, leading articles, manifestos, white papers, and the speeches of under-secretaries do, of course, vary from party to party, but they are all alike in that one almost never finds in them a fresh, vivid, homemade turn of speech. When one watches some tired hack on the platform mechanically repeating the familiar phrasesbestial atrocities, iron heel, bloodstained tyranny, free peoples of the world, stand shoulder to shoulder -one often has a curious feeling that one is not watching a live human being but some kind of dummy.

And this is not altogether Ranking Jon Boat Manufacturers Old Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking fanciful. A speaker who uses that kind of phraseology has gone some distance toward turning himself into a machine. The appropriate noises are coming out of his larynx, but his brain is not involved as it would be if he were choosing his words for himself. If the speech he is making is one that he is accustomed to make over and over again, he may be almost unconscious of what he is saying, as one is when one utters the responses in church. And this reduced state of consciousness, if not indispensable, is at any rate favorable to political conformity.Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking

As readers, we feel pulled along by the force of the parallel structures in the example on the following page: 85Make paragraphs flow Writ Process 8e William Faulkner's "Barn Burning" tells the story of a young boy trapped in a no-win situation.

If he betrays his father, he loses his family. If he betrays justice, he becomes a fugitive. In trying to free himself from his trap, he does both. Using transitionsTransitions are words such as so, however, and thus that signal relationships between sentences and paragraphs.

Transitions help guide the reader from one idea to another. To understand how important Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking transitions are in directing readers, try reading the following paragraph, from which all transitions have been removed.

The fly helps her to portray this real self. The boss goes through a range of emotions and feelings. He expresses these feelings to a small but determined fly, whom the reader realizes he unconsciously relates to his son. The author basically splits up the story into three parts, with the boss's emotions and actions changing quite measurably.

With old Woodifield, with himself, and with the fly, we see the boss's manipulativeness. Our understanding of him as a hard and cruel man Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Boat Jon Ranking Old grows. If we work at it, we can figure out the relationship of these sentences to one another, for this paragraph is essentially unified by one major idea.

But the lack of transitions results in an abrupt, choppy rhythm; the paragraph lurches from one detail to the next, dragging the confused reader behind. See how much easier the passage is to read and understand with transitions added. The fly in the story's title helps her to portray this real self. In the course of the story, the boss goes through a range of emotions. At the end, he finally expresses these Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Old Jon Ranking Boat feelings to a small but determined fly, whom the reader realizes he unconsciously relates to his son.

To accomplish her goal, the author basically splits up the story into three parts, with the boss's emotions and actions changing measurably throughout. First with old Woodifield, then with himself, and last with the fly, we see the boss's manipulativeness. With each part, our understanding of him as a hard and cruel man grows. Opening paragraphsEven a good piece of writing may remain unread if it has a weak opening paragraph.

In addition to announcing your topic, an introductory paragraph must engage Ranking Jon Old Manufacturers Boat Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking readers' interest and focus their attention on what is to follow. One common kind of opening paragraph follows a general-to-specific sequence, in which the writer opens with a general 8f 87 Work on opening and closing paragraphs Writ Process 8f statement and then gets more and more specific, concluding with the thesis. The following paragraph illustrates such an opening:Throughout Western civilization, places such as the ancient Greek agora, the New England town hall, the local church, the coffeehouse, the village square, and even the street corner have been arenas for debate on public affairs and society.

Out of thousands of such Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking encounters, "public opinion" slowly formed and became the context in which politics was framed.

Although the public sphere never included everyone, and by itself did not determine the outcome of all parliamentary actions, it contributed to the spirit of dissent found in a healthy representative democracy.

Many of these public spaces remain, but they are no longer centers for political discussion and action. They have largely been replaced by television and other forms of media -forms that arguably isolate citizens from one another rather than bringing them together. A common and effective strategy for concluding is to restate the central idea Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Manufacturers Boat Ranking Old Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking but not word for word , perhaps specifying it in several sentences, and then ending with a much more general statement.

Lastly, and perhaps greatest of all, there was the ability, at the end, to turn quickly from war to peace once the fighting was over. Out of the way these two men [Generals Grant and Lee] behaved at Appomattox came the possibility of a peace of reconciliation. It was a possibility not wholly realized, in the years to come, but which did, in the end, help the Writ ProcessDeveloping paragraphs 8f D The ancient Roman poet Horace advised aspiring writers to get Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking distance from their work by putting it away for nine years.

Although impractical for most college writers, this advice still holds a nugget of truth: putting the draft away even for a day or two will clear your mind and give you more objectivity about your writing. Reviewing and Revisingtwo sections to become one nation again.

No part of either man's life became him more than the part he played in this brief meeting in the McLean house at Appomattox. Their behavior there put all succeeding generations of Americans in their debt.

Two great Americans, Grant and Lee -very different, Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking yet under everything very much alike. Their encounter at Appomattox was one of the great moments of American history. Find one or two paragraphs that impress you in some way, and analyze them, using the guidelines on p. Try to decide what makes them effective paragraphs. Thinking about Your Own Use of ParagraphsExamine two or three paragraphs you have written, using the guidelines on p. Identify the topic of each paragraph, the topic sentence if one is explicitly stated , any patterns of development, and any means used to create coherence.

Decide whether or not each paragraph successfully guides your readers, and explain Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Jon Old Boat Ranking Manufacturers your reasons. Then choose one paragraph, and revise it. After giving yourself and your draft a rest, review the draft by rereading it carefully for meaning; recalling your purpose and audience; reconsidering your stance; and evaluating your organization and use of visuals.

MeaningWhen you pick up the draft again, don't sweat the small stuff. Instead, concentrate on your message and on whether you have expressed it clearly. Note any places where the meaning seems unclear. PurposeIf you responded to an assignment, make sure that you have produced what was asked for. If you set out to prove something, have you Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Ranking Jon Manufacturers Old Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Ranking Boat Old Manufacturers Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Manufacturers Jon Ranking Old succeeded? If you intended to propose a solution to a problem, have you set forth a well-supported solution rather than just an analysis of the problem?

AudienceHow appropriately do you address your audience members, given their experiences and expectations? Will you catch their interest, and will they be able to follow your discussion? StanceAsk yourself one central question: where are you coming from in this draft? Consider whether your stance appropriately matches the stance you started out with, or whether your stance has legitimately evolved. OrganizationOne way to check the organization of your draft is to outline it. After numbering the paragraphs, Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking read through each one, jotting down its main idea.

Do the main ideas clearly relate to the thesis and to one another? Can you identify any confusing leaps from point to point? Have you left out any important points? You might find it especially helpful to ask someone who is experienced in the kind of writing you are working on to read over your draft and to point out any words or patterns that are unclear or ineffective. Are all visuals clearly labeled and the sources appropriately credited? Are they referred to in the text?

Consider whether there is information in Jon Ranking Boat Manufacturers Old your draft that would be better presented as a visual. Get responses from peers. In addition to your own critical appraisal and that of an instructor, you may want to get responses to your draft from friends, classmates, or colleagues.

Use the questions here to respond to someone else's draft or to analyze your own. If you ask other people to evaluate your draft, be sure that they know your assignment, intended audience, and purpose. For example, Emily Lesk might write, "I want to figure out why Coca-Cola seems so American and how the company achieves this effect. My audience is Ranking Jon Manufacturers Old Boat Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking primarily college students like me, learning to analyze their own cultures.

I want to sound knowledgeable, and I want this essay to be fun and interesting to read. Guidelines for Peer Response Tools for peer reviewOne of the main goals of a peer reviewer is to help the writer see his or her draft differently. When you review a draft, you want to show the writer what does and doesn't work about particular aspects of the draft. Visually marking the draft can help the writer absorb at a glance the revisions you suggest.

As long as you explain what your Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking symbols mean, you can also use boxes, circles, single and double underlining, highlighting, or other visual annotations as shorthand for what you have to say about the draft. It's wise to Writ ProcessReviewing and revising 9b Understanding Peer ReviewIf you are not used to giving or receiving criticisms directly, you may be uneasy with a classmate's challenges to your work.

However, constructive criticism is appropriate to peer review. Your peers will also expect you to offer your questions, suggestions, and insights. For example, the reviewer Ann G. Smith might name the file for the first draft of Javier Jabari's Manufacturers Ranking Boat Old Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking first essay jabari.

The reviewer can then use the word-processing program to add comments, questions, and suggestions to the text. Reviews of Emily Lesk's draftOn page 95 are the first three paragraphs of Emily Lesk's draft, as reviewed electronically by two students, Beatrice Kim and Nastassia Lopez.

You'll find earlier appearances of Emily's work in 5g, 6d, and 7a. Beatrice and Nastassia decided to use highlighting for particular purposes: green for material they found effective, yellow for language that seemed unclear, blue for material that could be expanded, and gray for material that could be deleted.

The Old Ranking Manufacturers Boat Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Jon Ranking Old Boat Manufacturers Manufacturers Boat Ranking Old Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking comments on the draft, however, reveal their different responses. You, too, will find that different readers do not always agree on what is effective or ineffective.

In addition, you may find that you simply do not agree with their advice. You can often proceed efficiently by looking first for areas of agreement everyone was confused by this sentence -I'd better review it or strong disagreement one person said my conclusion was "perfect," and someone else said it "didn't conclude" -better look carefully at that paragraph again.

If you're using Comment in your course, you and your classmates can take Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Old Ranking Manufacturers Jon Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Ranking Jon Old Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking part in peer-review activities online. Call me cheap for choosing a water fountain over a twelve-ounce aluminum can that costs a dollar from a vending machine but only pennies to produce. Even call me unpatriotic for rejecting the potable god that over the last century has come to represent all the enjoyment and ease to be found in our American way of life. It's Israel's standard tourist fare, like little nested dolls in Russia or painted horses in Scandinavia, and before setting foot in the Promised Land three years ago, I knew where I could find one.

The T-shirt Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking shop in the central blockof a Jerusalem shopping center did offer other shirt designs "Macabee Beer" was a favorite , but that Coca-Cola shirt was what drew in most of the dollar-carrying tourists. I waited almost twenty minutes for mine, and I watched nearly everyone ahead of me say "the Coke shirt" and "thanks" in Hebrew. At the time, I never asked why I wanted the shirt.

I do know, though, that the reason I wear it often, despite a hole in the right sleeve, has to do with its power as a conversation piece. Few people notice it without asking something like, "Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Ranking Manufacturers Boat Jon Old Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Does that say Coke? They mumble a compliment and we go our separate ways. But rarely does anyone want to know what language the world's most famous logo is written in.

And why should they? Perhaps because Coca-Cola is a cultural icon that shapes American identity. Comment: Good detail! Comment: I like the question-but is your next sentence really the answer?

Comment: Is this the thesis? Kind of comes out of nowhere. Writ ProcessReviewing and revising 9c Getting the most from reviewers' commentsConsider your peer reviewers coaches, not judges.

You, not the reviewers, will decide which suggestions to follow and Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Ranking Jon Boat Manufacturers which to disregard. After reading reviewers' comments -and, if necessary, giving yourself some distance from those comments -make a revision plan consisting of two lists: 1 areas in which reviewers agree on needed changes, and 2 areas in which they disagree.

Make choices about which suggestions to take, and rank those suggestions. Concentrate first on changes having to do with purpose, audience, stance, thesis, and support.

Later you can tackle changes to sentences, words, punctuation, and format. If you received an electronically marked-up file from reviewers, you can use that file as the starting point for your next draft, titling it clearly. For Old Jon Boat Manufacturers RankOld Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking ing example, Javier Jabari might rename the file as jabari. Instructor comments on any work that you have done can help you identify mistakes, particularly ones that you make repeatedly, and can point you toward larger issues that prevent your writing from being as effective as it could be.

Whether or not you will have an opportunity to revise a particular piece of writing, you should look closely at the comments from your instructor. The instructor comments in the following chart, culled from over a thousand first-year student essays, are among those that you may find most puzzling. Alongside each comment Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking you'll find information intended to make the comment clearer to you -and to allow you to revise as your instructor recommends.

If your paper includes a puzzling comment that is not listed here, be sure to ask your instructor what the comment means and how you can fix the problem.

Make sure that you have a main point, and state it directly. Focus your main point more narrowly so that you can say everything that you need to in a project of the assigned length. If overall organization is unclear, try mapping or outlining and rearranging your work. Use concrete language Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Boat Ranking Old Jon Manufacturers Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking and details 22c , and make sure that you have something specific and interesting to say.

Indicate that some people disagree with you, and represent their views fairly before you refute them. Recognize that reasonable people may hold views that differ from yours. Chapter 13 "repetitive" "you've already said this" You repeat arguments or reuse evidence, or you have a tendency to overuse certain words or phrases in your writing. Revise any parts of your writing that repeat an argument, point, word, or phrase; avoid using the same evidence over and over.

If your paper is too short without the repetition, Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking Old Jon Boat Manufacturers Ranking develop your ideas more fully. Chapter 8 "awk" "awkward"You have chosen an inappropriate word, or your sentence is confusing. Ask a peer or your instructor for suggestions about revising awkward sentences. Chapters "syntax" "awkward syntax" "convoluted" Your sentence is too long, or the parts of the sentence are not clearly related. Read the sentence aloud to identify the problem; revise or replace the sentence. Chapters "unclear"Your reader does not understand your point.

Find another way to explain what you mean; add any background information or examples that your audience needs to follow your reasoning.

Eliminate overly informal words and phrases.

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