Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value
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Merits of Wholly Owned Subsidiaries. How is home trade different from external trade? Answer: Internal trade takes place between the geographical boundaries of a nation, whereas international trade takes place between different nations. Answer: Foreign trade is not free from difficulties. The Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value following are some of the important difficulties of foreign trade:. Justify your answer: Answer. No doubt, trade benefits both parties involved.
These gains can be categorised as static and dynamic. Static gains from trade:. Value Based Questions Question 1.
Which mode of international business should be chosen by a small businessman and why? Answer: A small business should consider the following factors in selecting mode of Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value entering into international business.
It ensures the presence of stable price by avoiding wide fluctuations in prices. It tries to equalise the world price. Increased standard of living: It ensures more production to meet the demand of the people of different countries. By increased production, it becomes possible to increase income and the standard of living of its people.
It also increases the standard of living Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value by increasing more employment opportunities. It enables a country to import those goods which it cannot produce. Large scale production: It ensures large production because the production is carried on to meet the demand of its people as well as world market.
Large scale production also ensures a great deal of internal economies which reduces the cost of production. Answer: Nations trade because of following reasons: Unequal distribution of natural resources: Resources are unequally distributed in natural resources.
Some countries are abundant in one commodity and scarce in other while opposite is true for some other country. Unequal availability of factors of production: Different nations are endowed with different factors of production which includes land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship.
Theory of Comparative Cost Advantage: Due to these factors, some countries are in Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value an advantageous position in producing selected goods and services which other countries cannot produce that effectively and efficiently and vice-versa. Consequently, each country finds it advantageous to produce those selected goods and services that it can produce more effectively at home and importing those goods in which other nations have a comparative cost advantage.
Geographical Specialisation: The international business as it exists today is the result of geographical specialisation. Even within a country each state specialises in those goods for which it is geographically more suitable. Similarly, each nation specialises in those goods in which it is specialised as per availability of resources and exchanges it for other goods and services in foreign market.
Cost minimization principle of firms: Firms get involved in international business to minimise their costs and maximise their Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value profits. Answer: Major limitations of contract manufacturing are discussed below: Non adherence to quality standards: Local firms may not adhere to quality standards or product design. It may cause serious quality problems for international firm. No control on production by local producer: Local producer has no control on manufacturing as goods are manufactured strictly as per the terms and specifications by international firm.
He needs to Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value sell to the international firm at a pre-determined price. It reduces profits of local firm. Less Expensive: Under the licensing, it is the licensee who sets up the business unit. Therefore, licensor has to invest no money.
Zero Risk of Loss: Licensor need not take pain of risk of profits and loss. He is paid a pre-determined fees called royalty by the licensee. As long as Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value licensor continues to produce under the license, licensor keeps on getting his fees irrespective of whether licensee is making profits or incurring losses.
Less risk of government intervention or takeovers: A local person handles the business in foreign country. Therefore, there are lesser chances of government intervention or takeovers.
Better knowledge of local needs: Since licensee is the local person, he has better understanding of local needs, marketing strategies and business environment. Therefore, there is lesser risk of these intellectual property rights being missed by other local firms.
Answer: The difference between contract manufacturing and wholly-owned subsidiary is discussed below: Question 8. Answer: Question 9. It is clear from the diagram given below: Question 3. There is an increasing demand for foreign trade because of the following reasons: The natural resources are Book 10th Math Value Hindi Medium Class Ncert Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value unevenly distributed.
The presence of specialisation and division of labour. Different countries have difference in economic growth rate. The presence of the theory of comparative cost. The following are some of the advantages of foreign trade: Optimum use of Resources: Foreign trade helps in the optimum use of natural resources and avoids wastages of resources. Stable Price: It ensures the presence of stable price by avoiding Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value wide fluctuations in prices.
Availability of all types of goods: It enables a country to import those goods which it cannot produce. Increased Standard of living: It ensures more production to meet the demand of the people of different countries. Large Scale production: It ensures large production because the production is carried on to meet the demand of its people as well as world market. Answer: Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Exporting is a better way of entering into international markets than setting up wholly owned subsidiaries abroad in following ways: Easiest Way: It is easy to enter international markets through exports as compared to wholly owned subsidiaries.
Less Involving: It is less involving as compared to establishing a wholly owned subsidiary because firms need not invest that much time and money.
Zero risk of Foreign Investment: Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Exporting does not require much of investment in foreign countries. Therefore, foreign investments risks are low as compared to when a firm starts its wholly owned subsidiary in foreign country. Therefore, it alone has to bear the risk of losses. This form of business operations is subject to high degree of political risks. Answer: Following factors govern the choice of mode of entry into international business, Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Ease of entry: First and foremost factor that determines the choice of mode of entry into international business is ease of entry.
A businessman wants to adopt such mode of entry into international business which is easy and less formalities requiring. Exporting, importing, licensing and franchising are better ways from this perspective.
Cost: Second determining factor is cost involved. For example, very less cost is involved in exporting, importing, licensing, franchising and contract manufacturing as compared to joint ventures and setting wholly owned subsidiaries. Control over production: If the foreign company or producer wants full control over production activities in local country, he will prefer franchising, wholly owned subsidiary or joint venture with majority share holding. If it is not so important, he will prefer exporting, importing, contract manufacturing licensing etc.
Sharing Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value of Technology: If the company has no problem in sharing of technology then it may choose joint venture or franchising. But if it does not want to share its technology and trade secrets, it will prefer wholly owned subsidiary or exporting, Risk Involved: If a firm is ready to take risk, it may choose wholly owned subsidiary or joint ventures but if it is willing to minimize its loss then it should choose exporting, licensing, franchising or contract manufacturing.
Answer: International business Question 2. Answer: Indirect exporting Question 5. Answer: USA Question 8. Answer: Software and Miscellaneous Question Answer: 10th II. It can be entered into three ways: A foreign investor may buy interest in a local company Local firm may acquire an interest in an existing foreign firm. Both local Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value and foreign firms jointly establish a new enterprise. Answer: Contract manufacturing can take three forms: Getting produced certain parts of final products: In case of automobiles or purses or shoes some parts are got manufactured from foreign countries which are used for the production of final products later.
Assembly of components into final products: In case of electronic items, different parts are assembled at that country Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Book Value Math Hindi Medium Class 10th Ncert Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value where they are to be sold. Complete manufacture of the products: In some cases, commodities like garments a contract is given for complete manufacturing and products are sold in brand name of foreign companies. Answer: Given below sue benefits of international business for firms: Prospects for higher profits: It creates better prospects for higher profits.
Increased capacity utilisation: It leads to better utilisation of capacity. Prospects for growth: It creates better prospects for growth. Way out to intense competition in domestic market: International business acts as an alternate when there is intense competition in domestic market.
Improved business vision: When a business firm acts globally, it gives it an improved business vision. Table showing inflow and outflow of foreign capital in and from India: Question 7. Half of the capital is contributed Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value by local producer. It reduces the burden for foreign investor. Beneficial for projects requiring Large Scale Investment: It is beneficial for projects requiring large capital investments like construction of metro.
In such projects it is generally difficult for a single investor to invest. Knowledge about host country: Local producers provide knowledge about host country. It helps the foreign investor to establish its foot in host country. Less Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium ValueClass 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value risky: Risk gets reduced by involving local manufacturer.
Secondly, he has an understanding of taste and preferences of customers in host country, laws and culture of host country. Disadvantages of Joint Venture Sharing of Technology: In joint venture, foreign firm shares technology with the local producer.
It is risky. He may start a business of his own once he gets acquainted with the technology. Conflicts: Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value There may be conflicts in managerial decisions as there is dual ownership arrangement. Answer: The benefits of international business to nations are as follows: Earning of Foreign exchange: International business helps a country to earn foreign exchange.
It can use it for meeting its payments abroad. Better utilization of resources: It is based on the principle of comparative cost advantage. It implies that produces what your Book Class Hindi 10th Medium Ncert Value Math Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value country can produce more efficiently, and trade the surplus production so generated with other countries to procure what they can produce more efficiently. When countries produce on these principles, it increases their resource utilization.
Increased Standard of Living: In the absence of international trade of goods and services, it would not have been possible to enjoy the standard of living it is enjoying now. The benefits Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value of international business to firms are as follows: Prospects for higher profits : International business proves more profitable as compared to domestic business. When prices in domestic market are lower, business firms can earn higher profits by selling their products in foreign countries.
Increased Capacity Utilization: Many firms set up production capacities for their products which are in excess of demand in the domestic market by planning Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class Math Ncert Value Medium 10th Book Hindi Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value overseas expansion and procuring orders from foreign customers. It allows them to make better use of their surplus capacity. Prospects for growth: Business firms find it very irritating when there is fall in demand or saturation point comes in domestic market.
Such firms can grow considerable prospects of their growth by entering into international business. Way out to intense competition in domestic market: When competition in domestic market is very intense, internationalization seems to be the only way for significant growth. Highly competitive domestic market motivates many firms to enter into international business. Improved Business Vision: The growth of international business of many companies is important for their survival and goodwill.
Vision to become international is expression of urge to grow and the need to diversify and to take benefit of strategic Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value advantages of internationalisation. That can be seen and touched. It is also known as trading goods. It excludes trading services. Exports and Imports of Services: Service exports and imports involve trade in intangibles. It is because of the intangible aspect of services that trade in services is termed as intangible trade.
Foreign Investments: Foreign investment is another way to operate internationally. It involves investment of funds Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Ncert Book Class 10th Value Medium Math Hindi abroad in exchange for financial return.
The following can be noted: That all limbs have five sets of bones; A single upper bone- the femur in hind limb and the humerus in fore limb Two lower limb bones -i.
Small bones - i. The bones of toes and of fingers i. Limbs of different mammals e. An outdoor activity to observe various sty les of movement Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value in different mammals can be studied.
It is noted that some move on tips of toes donkey others on the whole leg rabbit. Comparision of Wings of bird-and insect Wings of birds and insects grasshopper, butterfly or moth are obtained. A hand lens or a dissecting microscope is used to observe the specimens. The differences in their anatomy is noted. Insect wings are membranous while those Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value of birds are made up of feathers that interlock.
The National museum in Nairobi has many fossils. Visit to the various archeological sites that exist in Kenya is recommended. Reception, Response and Co-ordination In Plants and Animals Introduction The structures involved in detecting the changes may be located far away from the ones that respond.
There is need for a communication system within the body. The Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Book Value Ncert Class Medium Math 10th Hindi nervous system and the endocrine system perform this function, i. Irritability Living organisms are capable of detecting changes in their internal and external environments and responding to these changes in appropriate ways. This characteristic is called irritability, and is of great survival value to the organism.
Stimuli A stimulus is a change in the internal or external environment to which an organism responds. Examples of stimuli include light, heat, sound, chemicals, pH, water, food, oxygen and other organisms. The response involves movements of the whole or part of the body either towards the stimulus or away from it.
It also results in secretion of substances e. Co-ordination Co-ordination is the working together of all the parts of the body to bring about appropriate responses to change in the environment.
Reception Reception is Math Hindi Medium 10th Value Ncert Book Class the detection of changes in the environment through receptors. Irritability in Plants Response in plants is not as pronounced as in animals. This does not in anyway diminish the importance of irritability in plants. It is as important to their survival as it is in animals.
Plants respond to a variety of stimuli in their environment. These stimuli include light, moisture, gravity and chemicals. Some plants Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value also show response to touch. Tropisms Plants often respond by growing in a particular direction. Such growth movements are called tropisms.
They are the result of unequal growth in the part of the plant that responds. The stimulus cause unequal distribution of growth hormones auxins produced in the plant. One side grows more than the other resulting in a bend either towards the stimulus positive tropism Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value or away from the stimulus negative tropism.
Phototropism If seedlings are exposed to light from one direction, their shoots grow towards the light.
This response is called phototropism. Shoots are said to be positively phototropic because they grow towards the light. The tip of the shoot receives the light stimulus from one direction unilateral stimulus but the response occurs below the tip. The response of Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value the shoot is due to a hormone called auxin produced at the tip. It diffuses down the shoot to this zone of cell elongation where it causes the cells to elongate.
Light causes auxin to migrate to the darker side. The auxin is more concentrated in the dark side than on the light side. The cells on the dark side grow faster than the ones on Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value the light side. A growth curvature is therefore produced. Survival value: Positive phototropism by shoots ensure that sufficient light is absorbed by leaves for photosynthesis. Geotropism Geotropism is a growth response to gravity. Roots are positively geotropic because they grow down towards the direction of the force of gravity; shoots are negatively geotropic because they grow away from direction of force of gravity.
If a seedling Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value is kept in the dark with its plumule and radicle in a horizontal position, the plumule will eventually grow vertically upwards while the radicle will grow vertically downwards. The effect of gravity on roots and shoots can be explained as follows: When the seedling is placed in a horizontal position, more auxin settles on the lower side of the root and shoot due to the effect Book Medium Math Hindi Class 10th Value Ncert of gravity. Shoots respond to a higher concentration of auxin than roots.
The lower side of the shoot grows faster than the upper side. Resulting in a growth curvature that makes the shoot grow vertically upwards. Root growth is inhibited by high concentrations of auxin. Therefore, the lower side of the root grows at a slower rate than the upper side where there is less auxin concentration.
This results in a growth curvature that makes the root grow vertically downwards. Survival Value: Roots in response to gravity grow downwards where they absorb water and get anchored in the soil.
This results in absorption of nutrients needed for growth. Hydrotropism Hydrotropism is the growth of roots towards water moisture. Survival Value It ensures that plant roots grow towards moisture to obtain water needed Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value for photosynthesis and transport of mineral salts. Chemotropism Chemotropism is the response of parts of a plant towards chemical substances, e.
Survival Value This ensures that fertilisation take place and the perpetuation of the species continues. Thigmotropism Thigmotropism is a growth response to touch. Survival Value This provides support and the leaves stay in a position suitable for absorption of light and gaseous exchange for photosynthesis.
Tactic Movements in Plants and other Organisms A tactic movement is one made by a whole organism or a motile part of an organisms e. Tactic movements are named according to the nature of the stimulus that brings about the response. Phototaxis is movement in response to direction and intensity of light. Free-swimming algae such as Chlamydomonas usually tend to concentrate where light intensity is optimum Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value and will respond to light by swimming towards it. This is an example of phototactic response.
Osmotaxis is movement in response to changes in osmotic conditions e. Survival Value Ensures favourable conditions for existence. Chemotaxis is movement in response to concentration of chemical substances. Survival Value In bryophytes, antherozoids move towards archegonia to effect fertilisation Survival Value of taxis: These ensure conditions favourable for life bring Class Book Hindi 10th Ncert Math Medium Value Hindi Value Ncert 10th Class Math Medium Book maximum benefit to the organism.
Nastic Movements A nastic movement is one made by part of a plant in response to stimulus which is not coming from any particular direction. Nastic movements are also named according to the nature of the stimulus. The 'sensitive plant' Mimosa pudica responds to touch by folding up its leaves. This is an example of a seismonastic response. Production of auxins and their effects on plant growth Auxins are produced by plant apices, i.
They bring about cell elongation resulting in growth. They are diffusible substances which effect growth when in very small amounts. Roots require lower concentrations than shoots.
The effect of auxins on the growth of roots and shoots has already been discussed. Auxins also exert other effects on plant growth and development. There are Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value various other chemical substances which have been shown to influence plant growth and development.
This is referred to as apical dominance. If the terminal bud is removed, side branches develop from the lateral buds. This knowledge is applied in pruning.
As long as the main stem is allowed to remain intact, the development of side branches is suppressed. Pruning the terminal bud removes the main sources Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value of auxin, thus allowing side branches to sprout. Growth of adventitious roots Adventitious roots develop from the stem. Auxins stimulate the growth of such roots.
Parthenocarpy This refers to the formation of fruits without fertilisation. This can be induced by treating unpollinated flowers with auxin. This phenomenon is applied in the development of seedless fruit varieties. Auxins, together with other plant hormones, are involved in secondary Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class Book Hindi Ncert Value Math 10th Medium growth, falling of leaves and ripening of fruits. They linking the receptors to the effectors and regulating their activities. Receptors Receptors are cells that detect or receive stimuli.
They may be scattered more uniformly all over the body surface e. Its cell body is located at one end of the axon. It transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors.
Effectors These are the cells, Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value organs, or organelles which enable the organism to respond. They include muscles, glands, cilia and flagella. The Nervous System Components of the nervous system in humans Every organ is the human body is connected to nerves. The nervous system is made up of nerve cells neurons which transmit impulses from one part of the body to another.
It consists of the following: The Central Nervous System Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value CNS is a concentrated mass of interconnected nerve cells which make up the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves which link the CNS to the receptors and the effectors. Sensory nerves link the sensory cells receptors to the central nervous system and transmit nerve impulses from a sense organ to the CNS. Structure and Functions of Neurons A Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value nerve cell consists of a cell body centron where the nucleus is located, and projections called dendrites arise.
One of the projections is drawn out into an axon i. Each axon contains axoplasm which is continuous with the cytoplasm in the cell body. The axon is enclosed in a fatty myelin sheath which is secreted by Schwarm cell. The myelin sheath is interrupted at approximately 1 Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value mm intervals by constrictions known as nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath is enclosed by a thin membrane called the neurilemma, which is part of the Schwann cell in contact with axon. The myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier enhance transmission of the impulse.
There are three types of neurons: Sensory neurone Also known as afferent neurone. Transmits impulses from sensory cells to the CNS. The cell body of a sensory nerve cell is located at some distance along the length of the axon outside the CNS. The connect sensory and motor neurons with each other and with other nerve cells in the CNS.
Functions of the neurone The nerve impulse is electrical in nature. Its transmission depends on differences in electrical potential between the inside and the outside of the axion. The Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium VaClass 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value lue outside is positive while the inside is negative. The stimulus triggers a change that affects the permeability of neurone membrane. The result is a change in the composition of ions on either side of the membrane. The outside becomes negative as the inside becomes positive due to sodium ions rushing in.
The above constitutes a nervous impulse which is transmitted along the sensory neurone to Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value the CNS. The speed of transmission is very high. The dendrites of neurons do not connect directly to each other, but they leave a small gap called synapse. The transmission of an impulse from one cell to the next takes place through synapse.
Synaptic knobs are structures found at the ends of dendrites. Thus the dendrites of one nerve cell make contact with the dendrites Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value of the adjacent nerve cell through the synapses. Impulses are transmitted in the form of a chemical transmitter substance which crosses the gap between one dendrite and the next.
The transmitter substance is found within synaptic vesicles. The chemical substance is either acetylcholine or noradrnaline. The synaptic vesicles burst and release the transmitter substance when an impulse arrives at the synaptic knob. Impulses in motor neurone Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value s are trans mitted to effectors.
The space between motor end dendrite and muscle is known as neuro-muscular Junction. Synaptic vesicles in the ends of the dendrites release the transmitter substance across the neural muscular junction. The CNS co-ordinates body activities by receiving impulses from sensory cells from different parts of the body. It then sends the impulses to the appropriate effectors.
It is covered and protected by membranes known 10th Class Ncert Book Science Hindi Medium Word as meninges. When meninges are infected by bacterial or fungi they cause meningitis. The brain consist of the following parts: Cerebrum. This is the largest part of the brain.
It consists of two cerebral hemispheres. It is highly folded in order to increase the surface area. The cerebrum controls learning, intelligence, thought, imagination and reasoning. The medulla oblongata brain stem. The medulla Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value oblongata has centres which control breathing ventilation rate, heart beat rate cardiac frequency , swallowing, salivation, blood pressure temperature regulation, hearing, taste and touch. The cerebellum Is located in front of the medulla and is a folded dorsal expansion of the hindbrain.
It controls posture movement Class 10th Ncert Science Book Chapter 1 Math and balance. The hypothalamus Controls functions such as body temperature and osmoregulation.
The pituitary gland Is an endocrine organ that secretes Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value a number of hormones which control osmoregulation, growth, metabolism and sexual development. Optic lobes -control the sense of sight. Olfactory lobes -control the sense of smell. Spinal Cord The spinal cord is located within the vertebral column and consist of the following: The grey matter forms the central part of the spinal cord. The white matter of the spinal cord carries sensory nerve fibers while the Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Book Medium Value Hindi 10th Ncert Class Math ventral root carries motor nerve fibers.
The route that is followed by impulses during a reflex action is called a reflex arc. A reflex action follows the following sequence: A receptor is stimulated and an impulse is transmitted along a sensory nerve fibre to the spinal cord. The impulse is picked up by an intermediate neurone within the CNS. The intermediate nerve fibre transmit the impulse Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value to a motor nerve fibre which is connected to an effector. The effector responds. Examples of reflex action include: Pulling the hand away from a hot object.
The knee jerk. Conditioned Reflexes These are learned responses. When two or more stimuli are presented to an animal at the same time and repeatedly, the animal eventually responds to either stimulus. For example, if a hungry animal is Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value presented with food, it will respond by salivating. If a bell is rung at the same time as the food is presented to the animal, the animal will learn to associate the sound of the bell with food.
Eventually, the animal can be made to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. This response is called conditioned reflex and is one of the ways by Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value which animals learn. The glands have no ducts and are known as endocrine glands. Other glands are known as exocrine glands because they have ducts. The pancreas has an outer exocrine portion and an inner endocrine portion.
Hormones are chemical substances, protein in nature which are secreted at one part of the body and have effects on other parts not necessarily near the point of secretion. They Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium ValueClass 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value ong> are secreted directly into blood and transported by blood. Each hormone either has a generalised co-ordinating effect on the body or brings about a specific response in a particular target organ.
Hormones produced in humans and the in effects on the body. Adrenaline Enhance activity of sympathetic nervous system. Over secretion Increased heartbeat High blood pressure Thin toneless muscles. Person becomes very angry, nervous and Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value hands may shake. Increased heartbeat which lead to cardiac failure.
Under secretion is termed hypothyroidism: Poor growth and mental retardation cretinism. Reduced metabolic rate hence decreased temperature. Person becomes inactive and slothful.
Eyes and face become puffy as fluid gets stored under skin. In extreme cases the tongue is swollen and skin becomes rough. Enlarged thyroid gland. Comparison between endocrine and nervous system Similarities Both endocrine Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value and nervous system are involved in the coordination of body functions. Both have target organs.
Both are controlled via a negative feedback mechanism, i. Effects of drugs abuse on the human health. Drug abuse can be defined as misuse of drugs. Drugs are chemical compounds that affect the working of body or kill disease causing microorganisms.
Prescription drugs Are drugs prescribed by a doctor. Prescribed drugs Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value can be abused through taking overdose which may cause death. Over the counter drugs OCD Are self prescribed drugs. These have harmful effects and may lead to tolerance such that higher doses are needed. Below is a list of effects of hard drugs on human health Lung cancer caused by nicotine. Liver cirrhosis -caused by alcohol. Interferes with vision - alcohol.
Sterility - khat rniraa. Sleeplessness - insomnia - khat miraa. Hallucinations - Canabis sativa Bang i. Digestive system is upset, nausea. Diarrhoea and vomiting. Headache and double vision. Skin tone changes - e. Appetite is extreme - very poor or very great. Weight loss. Personality changes e. Convulsions, lethargy and depressions due to inhalation of solvents e. Structure and Function of Parts of the Human Eye Structure The human eye is Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value spherical in shape and situated within a socket or orbit in the skull.
It is attached to the skull by three pairs of muscle, which also control its movement. It is made up of three main layers; sclerotic layer, choroid and the light sensitive retina. Sclerotic layer Outermost white part situated at the sides and back of the eye.
Made up of collagen fibres. It protects Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value the eye and gives its shape. Cornea This is the transparent front part of the sclera that allows light to pass through. It is curved, bulging at the front. It thus reflects light rays hence helps to focus light rays onto the retina.
Choroid The second or middle layer. It has many blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye and remove metabolic wastes from the Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class Value Book 10th Ncert Hindi Medium Math eye. It has dark pigments to absorb stray light and prevent its reflection inside the eye. Ciliary body Is glandular and secretes aqueous humour. It has blood vessels for supplying of nutrients excretion and gaseous exchange. It has ciliary muscles - which contract and relax to change the shape of lens during accommodation.
Suspensory ligaments Are inelastic and attach the lens onto the cilliary body holding Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value it in position. Lens Biconvex in shape, to refract light.
Crystalline and transparent to allow light to pass through and focus it on to the retina. Aqueous humour Found between lens and the cornea. Transparent to allow light to pass through it. It is watery thus helping in focusing. Helps maintain shape of eye ball. To convey nutrients and oxygen to cornea, and remove waste products.Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value
Iris The coloured part of the eye has an opening - the pupil at the centre. Iris has circular and radial muscles which controls size of the pupil, hence the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil.
Vitreous humour It is a fluid. Found between lens and retina. Is viscous and gives eye the shape. It is transparent and refracts light. Retina Retina contains light sensitive cells and is situated at the back of the eye. There are two types of light sensitive cells in the retina: Rods - are sensitive to low-intensity light and detect black and white. Nocturnal mammals have more rods. Cones - are sensitive to high intensity of light; They detect bright colour.
Diurnal mammals have more cones. Fovea centralis Fovea centralis yellow spot is Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value the most sensitive part of the retina. Consists mainly of cones for accurate vision visual acuity. Optic nerve Optic nerve, has neurons for transmission of impulse to the brain for interpretation. Blind spot Blind spot is located at the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain.
It is not sensitive to light it has no rods or cones. Eye Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value lid Eye lid is a loose skin that covers the eye. It closes by reflex action. Protects it from mechanical damage and from too much light. Eyelashes Prevent dust and other particles from entering eye. Conjuctiva It is transparent and thin and allows light to pass through. It is a tough layer that is continuous with the epithelium of the eye lids.
It protects the cornea. Accommodation Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Accommodation refers to the change in the shape of the lens in order to focus images. Rays from a distant object would be focused at a point behind the retina if the lens were not adjusted appropriately. When the eye is focusing at a distant object, the cilliary muscles are relaxed and the suspensory ligament are stretched tight. The lens is pulled thin, thus allowing Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value light rays from a distant object to be properly focused on to the retina.
When the eye is looking at near object, the ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligament become slack. The lens becomes more convex. This allows light rays from near object to be focused onto the retina.
Control of light intensity entering the eye In bright light high intensity the circular muscles of Ncert Hindi Class Value Book Math Medium 10th Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value the iris contract. The diameter of the pupil decreases and less light enters. This protects retina from damage by too much light. In dim light circular muscles of iris relax radial ones contract.
Pupil's size diameter increases, more light enters the eye. Image formation and Interpretation Light rays from an object enter the cornea and are directed onto the lens through the pupil. They are Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value refracted by the cornea and the lens. The latter brings the rays into fine focus. It makes the light rays converge so that an image is focused at a point on the retina.
The image on the retina is inverted. This stimulate, the rods and cones on the retina and impulses generated are transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets the image Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value as upright. Common Eye Defects and their Correction Short-sightedness Myopia A shortsighted person cannot focus distant objects properly.
Light rays from a distant object fall at a point in front of the retina. This may be due to the eyeball being too long. This defect can be corrected using spectacles with concave lenses. The lenses make the light rays diverge before they reach the eye. Long-sightedness Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Hypermetropia A long-sighted person cannot focus near objects properly. Light rays from the object are not focused on the retina.
This may be due to the eyeball being too short. This defect may be corrected by using spectacles with convex lenses which make light rays converge before they reach the eye. Astigmatism Astigmatism refers to a condition in which the cornea or the lens is uneven, Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value so that images are not focused properly on the retina.
This defect can be corrected by wearing spectacles with special cylindrical lenses. Presbyopia is a condition in which light rays from a near object are not focused on the retina. This is caused by hardening or loss of elasticity of lense due to old age.
This defect is corrected by wearing convex converging lenses. Structure and Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Functions of Parts of Human Ear The Mammalian Ear The mammalian ear performs two major functions: hearing and detecting changes in the positions of the body to bring about balance and posture. The ear is divided into three sections.
The Outer Ear This consists of: An outer flap, the pinna which is made up of cartilage. The function of the pinna is to catch and direct Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value sounds. The external auditory canal is a tube through which sound travel. The lining of the tube secretes wax, which traps dust particles and microorganisms.
The tympanum is a membrane stretching across the inner end of the external auditory canal. The tympanum vibrates when it is hit by sound waves. The Middle Ear This is a chamber containing three small bones called the ear ossic1es, the Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value malleus, incus and stapes. The three ossic1es articulate with one another to amplify vibrations. The vibrations are transmitted from the tympanum to the oval window. At the end of the chamber is a membrane called the oval window. When the tympanum vibrates, it causes the ear ossic1es to move forwards and backwards.
This causes the oval window to vibrate. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear Math Book Value 10th Ncert Hindi Class Medium Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value to the pharynx. It allows air to get in and out of the middle ear, thus equalising the pressure between the inside and the outside of the tympanum. The Inner Ear This consists of a series of chambers filled with fluid. Cochlea is a coiled tube that occupies a small space and accommodates a large number of sensory cells.
The cells are connected to the brain Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value through the auditory nerve. They detect vibrations which lead to hearing. Hearing The sound waves set the tympanum vibrating and are transformed into vibrations. The vibrations are transmitted to the oval window by the three ossicles. Vibrations of the oval window cause the fluids inside the cochlea tube to vibrate. The membranes inside the cochlea have sensory cells which change the sound vibrations to nerve impulses.Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value
These are transmitted to the brain through the auditory nerve. Hearing is perceived in the brain. Balance and posture The semi-circular canals There are three semi-circular canals in each ear. They are situated at right angles to each other and each one is sensitive to movement in a different plane.
They are filled with fluid and each has a swelling called the ampulla at one end. Inside Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium ValueClass 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value trong> the ampulla are sensory cells. Balance and posture are detected by these cells.
Movement of the head in a given direction causes the fluid to move the hairs on sensory cells. This transmit impulses to the brain through the auditory nerve so that the movement is registered. Defects of the ear Acute labyrinthitis This is an inflammation of the middle ear and cochlea. It may Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value lead to deafness. It can be treated by using certain drugs but sometimes an operation may be necessary. Tinnitis: This is a sensation of noises in the ear.
It is caused among others by accumulation of wax in the ear or use of certain drugs e. Treatment is by removal of wax, stopping use of the causative drug.
Vertigo - Giddiness This is disorientation of body Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value in space - one of the causes is dilation of endolymph. Yes, by solving previous year question papers aspirants can know the difficulty level of the exam and estimate which type of questions can be asked in the exam. You can also improve your speed and accuracy.
Yes, experts suggest that most of the questions are repeated from the previous year exam with a slight change Class 10th Math Ncert Book Hindi Medium Value in logic and numbers. During exam preparation, solving question papers is one of the best-suggested methods for scoring more marks. Your email address will not be published. Login with Facebook. Submit Not Registered Yet? Login Register. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Related Posts.
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